@Article{AlizonLion2011,
  Author = {Alizon, Samuel and Lion, Sébastien},
  Title = {Within-host parasite cooperation and the evolution of virulence},
  Journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B},
  Volume = {278},
  Number ={1725},
  Pages = {3738-3747},
  doi = {10.1098/rspb.2011.0471},
  URL = {https://evolepid.cefe.cnrs.fr/pub/AlizonLion2011.pdf},
  som = {https://evolepid.cefe.cnrs.fr/pub/AlizonLion-WithinHostCoopVir-2011-SOM.pdf},
  keywords = {virulence ; evolution of social traits},
  abstract = {Infections by multiple genotypes are common in
                  nature and are known to select for higher levels of
                  virulence for some parasites. When parasites produce
                  public goods (PGs) within the host, such
                  co-infections have been predicted to select for
                  lower levels of virulence. However, this prediction
                  is based on simplifying assumptions regarding
                  epidemiological feedbacks on the multiplicity of
                  infections (MOI). Here, we analyse the case of
                  parasites producing a PG (for example,
                  siderophore-producing bacteria) using a nested model
                  that ties together within-host and epidemiological
                  processes. We find that the prediction that
                  co-infection should select for less virulent strains
                  for PG-producing parasites is only valid if both
                  parasite transmission and virulence are linear
                  functions of parasite density. If there is a
                  trade-off relationship such that virulence increases
                  more rapidly than transmission, or if virulence also
                  depends on the total amount of PGs produced, then
                  more complex relationships between virulence and the
                  MOI are predicted. Our results reveal that
                  explicitly taking into account the distribution of
                  parasite strains among hosts could help better
                  understand the selective pressures faced by
                  parasites at the population level.},
  year = {2011}
}